ParabolicDensity/Axisymmetric/Structure

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Parabolic Density Distribution


Part I:   Gravitational Potential

 


Part II:   Spherical Structures

 


Part III:   Axisymmetric Equilibrium Structures

 Old: 1st thru 7th tries
 Old: 8th thru 10th tries


Part IV:   Triaxial Equilibrium Structures (Exploration)

 

Axisymmetric (Oblate) Equilibrium Structures

Tentative Summary

Known Relations

Density:

ρ(ϖ,z)ρc

=

[1−χ2−ζ2(1−e2)−1],

Gravitational Potential:

Φgrav(ϖ,z)(−πGρcaℓ2)

=

12IBT−Aℓχ2−Asζ2+12[(Assaℓ2)ζ4+2(Aℓsaℓ2)χ2ζ2+(Aℓℓaℓ2)χ4].

Vertical Pressure Gradient: [1(πGρc2aℓ2)]∂P∂ζ =

ρρc⋅[2Aℓsaℓ2χ2ζ−2Asζ+2Assaℓ2ζ3]

where, χ≡ϖ/aℓ and ζ≡z/aℓ, and the relevant index symbol expressions are:

IBT =

2Aℓ+As(1−e2)=2(1−e2)1/2[sin−1ee];

Aℓ

=

1e2[sin−1ee−(1−e2)1/2](1−e2)1/2;

As =

2e2[(1−e2)−1/2−sin−1ee](1−e2)1/2;

aℓ2Aℓℓ

=

14e4{−(3+2e2)(1−e2)+3(1−e2)1/2[sin−1ee]};

32aℓ2Ass

=

(4e2−3)e4(1−e2)+3(1−e2)1/2e4[sin−1ee];

aℓ2Aℓs

=

1e4{(3−e2)−3(1−e2)1/2[sin−1ee]},

where the eccentricity,

e≡[1−(asaℓ)2]1/2.

Drawing from our separate "6th Try" discussion — and as has been highlighted here for example — for the axisymmetric configurations under consideration, the e^z and e^ϖ components of the Euler equation become, respectively,

e^z:    

0

=

[1ρ∂P∂z+∂Φ∂z]

e^ϖ:    

j2ϖ3

=

[1ρ∂P∂ϖ+∂Φ∂ϖ]

Multiplying through by length (aℓ) and dividing through by the square of the velocity (πGρcaℓ2), we have,

e^z:    

0

=

[1ρ∂P∂z+∂Φ∂z]aℓ(πGρcaℓ2)

 

 

=

ρcρ⋅∂∂ζ[P(πGρc2aℓ2)]−∂∂ζ[Φ(−πGρcaℓ2)]

e^ϖ:    

j2ϖ3⋅aℓ(πGρcaℓ2)

=

[1ρ∂P∂ϖ+∂Φ∂ϖ]aℓ(πGρcaℓ2)

 

⇒1χ3⋅j2(πGρcaℓ4)

=

ρcρ⋅∂∂χ[P(πGρc2aℓ2)]−∂∂χ[Φ(−πGρcaℓ2)]

7th Try

Introduction

Density:

ρ(χ,ζ)ρc

=

[1−χ2−ζ2(1−e2)−1],

Gravitational Potential:

Φgrav(χ,ζ)(−πGρcaℓ2)

=

12IBT−Aℓχ2−Asζ2+12[(Assaℓ2)ζ4+2(Aℓsaℓ2)χ2ζ2+(Aℓℓaℓ2)χ4].

Specific Angular Momentum:

j2(πGρcaℓ4)⋅1χ3

=

2j1χ−2j3χ3.

Centrifugal Potential:

Ψ(πGρcaℓ2)

=

12[j3χ4−2j1χ2].

From above, we recall the following relations:

4e4(Aℓℓaℓ2)

=

−(3+2e2)(1−e2)+Υ;

32e4(Assaℓ2)

=

(4e2−3)(1−e2)+Υ;

e4(Aℓsaℓ2)

=

(3−e2)−Υ.

where,

Υ

≡

3(1−e2)1/2[sin−1ee].

Crosscheck … Given that,

Υ

=

(3−e2)−e4(Aℓsaℓ2).

we obtain the pair of relations,

4e4(Aℓℓaℓ2)

=

−(3+2e2)(1−e2)+(3−e2)−e4(Aℓsaℓ2)

 

=

−(3−3e2+2e2−2e4)+(3−e2)−e4(Aℓsaℓ2)

 

=

2e4−e4(Aℓsaℓ2)

⇒(Aℓℓaℓ2)

=

12−14(Aℓsaℓ2);

32e4(Assaℓ2)

=

(4e2−3)(1−e2)+(3−e2)−e4(Aℓsaℓ2)

 

=

(4e2−3)+(3−e2)(1−e2)(1−e2)−e4(Aℓsaℓ2)

 

=

e4(1−e2)−e4(Aℓsaℓ2)

⇒(Assaℓ2)

=

23[1(1−e2)−(Aℓsaℓ2)].

RHS Square Brackets (TERM1)

Let's rewrite the term inside square brackets on the RHS of the expression for the gravitational potential.

[]RHS

≡

[(Assaℓ2)ζ4+2(Aℓsaℓ2)χ2ζ2+(Aℓℓaℓ2)χ4]

 

=

e−4{23[(4e2−3)(1−e2)+Υ]ζ4+2[(3−e2)−Υ]χ2ζ2+14[−(3+2e2)(1−e2)+Υ]χ4}

 

=

e−4{23[(4e2−3)(1−e2)]ζ4+2[(3−e2)]χ2ζ2+14[−(3+2e2)(1−e2)]χ4+23[ζ4−3ζ2χ2+38χ4]Υ}

 

=

−e−4{23[(3−4e2)(1−e2)]ζ4−2[(3−e2)]χ2ζ2+14[(3+2e2)(1−e2)]χ4}

 

 

+e−4{23[(ζ2−χ2)(ζ2−2χ2)−138χ4]Υ}

 

=

−e−423(1−e2){[(3−4e2)]ζ4−3[(3−e2)](1−e2)χ2ζ2+38[(3+2e2)](1−e2)2χ4}

 

 

+e−4{23[(ζ2−χ2)(ζ2−2χ2)−138χ4]Υ}

 

=

−2e−4(1−e2){ζ4−3(1−e2)χ2ζ2+38(1−e2)2χ4}+8e−23(1−e2){ζ4−34(1−e2)χ2ζ2−316(1−e2)2χ4}

 

 

+2e−43[(ζ2−χ2)(ζ2−2χ2)−138χ4]Υ

 

=

−2e−4(1−e2){[ζ2−(1−e2)χ2][ζ2−2(1−e2)χ2]−138(1−e2)2χ4⏟−0.038855}+8e−23(1−e2){[ζ2−(1−e2)χ2][ζ2+14(1−e2)χ2]+116(1−e2)2χ4⏞−0.010124}

 

 

+2e−43[(ζ2−χ2)(ζ2−2χ2)−138χ4⏟−0.061608]Υ

 

=

0.212119014       (example #1, below) .

Check #1:

(ζ2−χ2)(ζ2−2χ2)−138χ4

=

ζ4−3χ2ζ2+2χ4−138χ4

 

=

ζ4−3χ2ζ2+38χ4.

Check #2:

(ζ2−χ2)(ζ2+14χ2)+116χ4

=

ζ4−34χ2ζ2−14χ4+116χ4

 

=

ζ4−34χ2ζ2−316χ4

RHS Quadratic Terms (TERM2)

The quadratic terms on the RHS can be rewritten as,

Aℓχ2+Asζ2 =

{1e2[sin−1ee−(1−e2)1/2](1−e2)1/2}χ2+{2e2[(1−e2)−1/2−sin−1ee](1−e2)1/2}ζ2

  =

{1e2[(1−e2)1/2sin−1ee−(1−e2)]}χ2+{2e2[1−(1−e2)1/2sin−1ee]}ζ2

  =

{13e2[Υ−3(1−e2)]}χ2+{23e2[3−Υ]}ζ2

  =

(Υ−3)3e2[χ2−2ζ2]+χ2

  =

(Υ−3)3e2(χ+2ζ)(χ−2ζ)+χ2

TERM2 =

0.401150 (example #1, below) .

where, again,

Υ

≡

3(1−e2)1/2[sin−1ee]=2.040835.

Gravitational Potential Rewritten

In summary, then,

Φgrav(χ,ζ)(−πGρcaℓ2)

=

12IBT−Aℓχ2−Asζ2+12[(Assaℓ2)ζ4+2(Aℓsaℓ2)χ2ζ2+(Aℓℓaℓ2)χ4]

 

=

13Υ−(Υ−3)3e2(χ+2ζ)(χ−2ζ)−χ2

 

 

−e−4(1−e2){[ζ2−(1−e2)χ2][ζ2−2(1−e2)χ2]−138(1−e2)2χ4}+4e−23(1−e2){[ζ2−(1−e2)χ2][ζ2+14(1−e2)χ2]+116(1−e2)2χ4}

 

 

+e−43[(ζ2−χ2)(ζ2−2χ2)−138χ4]Υ

 

=

13Υ−(Υ−3)3e2(χ+2ζ)(χ−2ζ)−χ2+43e2(1−e2){[ζ2−(1−e2)χ2][ζ2+14(1−e2)χ2]+116(1−e2)2χ4}

 

 

−1e4(1−e2){[ζ2−(1−e2)χ2][ζ2−2(1−e2)χ2]−138(1−e2)2χ4}+13e4[(ζ2−χ2)(ζ2−2χ2)−138χ4]Υ

 

=

13Υ−(Υ−3)3e2(χ+2ζ)(χ−2ζ)+43e2(1−e2){[ζ2−(1−e2)χ2][ζ2+14(1−e2)χ2]}

 

 

−1e4(1−e2){[ζ2−(1−e2)χ2][ζ2−2(1−e2)χ2]}+Υ3e4[(ζ2−χ2)(ζ2−2χ2)]

 

 

−χ2+43e2(1−e2){116(1−e2)2χ4}+1e4(1−e2){138(1−e2)2χ4}−Υ3e4{138χ4}

 

=

13Υ−(Υ−3)3e2(χ+2ζ)(χ−2ζ)+4(1−e2)3e2{[(1−e2)−1ζ2−χ2][(1−e2)−1ζ2+14χ2]}

 

 

−(1−e2)e4{[(1−e2)−1ζ2−χ2][(1−e2)−1ζ2−2χ2]}+Υ3e4[(ζ2−χ2)(ζ2−2χ2)]

 

 

−χ2+{(1−e2)12e2+13(1−e2)8e4−13Υ24e4}χ4.

 

=

0.767874 (row 1) + 0.5678833 (row 2) - 0.950574 (row 3) = 0.3851876  .

Example Evaluation

Let's evaluate these expressions, borrowing from the quantitative example specified above. Specifically, we choose,

asaℓ=0.582724, e=0.81267,  
Aℓ=Am=0.51589042, As=0.96821916, IBT=23Υ=1.360556,
aℓ2Aℓℓ=0.3287756, aℓ2Ass=1.5066848, aℓ2Aℓs=0.6848975.

Also, let's set ρ/ρc=0.1 and χ=χ1=0.75⇒χ12=0.5625. This means that,

ζ12

=

(1−e2)[1−χ2−ρ(χ,ζ)ρc]=[1−(0.81267)2)][1−0.5625−0.1]=0.11460

⇒ζ1

=

0.33853.

So, let's evaluate the gravitational potential …

Φgrav(χ1,ζ1)(−πGρcaℓ2)

=

12IBT−[Aℓχ2+Asζ2⏞TERM2]+12[(Assaℓ2)ζ4+2(Aℓsaℓ2)χ2ζ2+(Aℓℓaℓ2)χ4⏟TERM1]=0.385187372

TERM1

=

0.019788921+0.088303509+0.104026655=0.212119085

TERM2

=

0.290188361+0.110961809=0.401150171.

Replace ζ With Normalized Density

First, let's readjust the last, 3-row expression for the gravitational potential so that ζ2 can be readily replaced with the normalized density.

Φgrav(χ,ζ)(−πGρcaℓ2)

=

13Υ−(Υ−3)3e2(χ2−2ζ2)+4(1−e2)3e2{[(1−e2)−1ζ2−χ2][(1−e2)−1ζ2+14χ2]}

 

 

−(1−e2)e4{[(1−e2)−1ζ2−χ2][(1−e2)−1ζ2−2χ2]}+Υ3e4[(ζ2−χ2)(ζ2−2χ2)]

 

 

−χ2+124e4{2e2(1−e2)+39(1−e2)−13Υ}χ4.

Now make the substitution,

ζ2

=

(1−e2)[1−χ2−ρ*],

where,

ρ*

≡

ρ(χ,ζ)ρc.

We have,

Φgrav(χ,ζ)(−πGρcaℓ2)

=

13Υ−(Υ−3)3e2{χ2−2(1−e2)[1−χ2−ρ*]}+4(1−e2)3e2{[1−χ2−ρ*]−χ2}{[1−χ2−ρ*]+14χ2}

 

 

−(1−e2)e4{[1−χ2−ρ*]−χ2}{[1−χ2−ρ*]−2χ2}+Υ3e4{(1−e2)[1−χ2−ρ*]−χ2}{(1−e2)[1−χ2−ρ*]−2χ2}

 

 

−χ2+124e4{2e2(1−e2)+39(1−e2)−13Υ}χ4

 

=

13Υ−(Υ−3)3e2{−2+2e2+(3−2e2)χ2+(2−2e2)ρ*}+4(1−e2)3e2{1−2χ2−ρ*}{1−34χ2−ρ*}

 

 

−(1−e2)e4{1−2χ2−ρ*}{1−3χ2−ρ*}+Υ3e4{(1−e2)−(2−e2)χ2−(1−e2)ρ*}{(1−e2)−(3−e2)χ2−(1−e2)ρ*}

 

 

−χ2+124e4{39−37e2−2e4−13Υ}χ4

 

=

13Υ−(Υ−3)3e2{−2+3χ2+2ρ*+2e2[1−χ2−ρ*]}+4(1−e2)3e2{1−2χ2−ρ*}{1−34χ2−ρ*}

 

 

−(1−e2)e4{1−2χ2−ρ*}{1−3χ2−ρ*}+{Υ3e4[1−2χ2−ρ*]+Υ3e2[−1+χ2+ρ*]}{(1−e2)−(3−e2)χ2−(1−e2)ρ*}

 

 

−χ2+124e4{39−37e2−2e4−13Υ}χ4.

 

=

0.767874 (row 1) + 0.5678833 (row 2) - 0.950574 (row 3) = 0.3851876  .

Now, let's group together like terms and examine, in particular, whether the coefficient of the cross-product, χ2ρ*), goes to zero.

Φgrav(χ,ζ)(−πGρcaℓ2)

=

13Υ−(Υ−3)3e2{2e2−2+(2−2e2)ρ*}

 

 

+[1−2χ2−ρ*]{4(1−e2)3e2[1−34χ2−ρ*]−(1−e2)e4[1−3χ2−ρ*]+[Υ3e4−Υ3e2][(1−e2)−(3−e2)χ2−(1−e2)ρ*]}

 

 

−{Υ3e2}[(1−e2)−(3−e2)χ2−(1−e2)ρ*]χ2

 

 

−χ2+124e4{39−37e2−2e4−13Υ}χ4−(Υ−3)3e2{3χ2−2e2χ2}

 

=

13Υ+(Υ−3)3e2{2(1−e2)(1−ρ*)}

 

 

+[1−2χ2−ρ*](1−e2)3e4{4e2[1−34χ2−ρ*]−3[1−3χ2−ρ*]+Υ[(1−e2)−(3−e2)χ2−(1−e2)ρ*]}

 

 

+{Υ3e2}[(1−e2)ρ*]χ2

 

 

−χ2+124e4{39−37e2−2e4−13Υ}χ4−(Υ−3)3e2{3χ2−2e2χ2}−{Υ3e2}[(1−e2)−(3−e2)χ2]χ2

 

=

13Υ+(Υ−3)3e2{2(1−e2)(1−ρ*)}

 

 

+[(1−ρ*)](1−e2)3e4{[4e2−3+Υ(1−e2)](1−ρ*)}+[−2χ2](1−e2)3e4{[4e2−3+Υ(1−e2)](1−ρ*)}

 

 

+[(1−ρ*)](1−e2)3e4{[−3e2+9−(3−e2)Υ]χ2}+[−2χ2](1−e2)3e4{[−3e2+9−(3−e2)Υ]χ2}

 

 

+[Υ(1−e2)3e2]ρ*χ2

 

 

−χ2+124e4{39−37e2−2e4−13Υ}χ4−(Υ−3)3e2{3χ2−2e2χ2}−{Υ3e2}[(1−e2)−(3−e2)χ2]χ2

8th Try

Foundation

Density:

ρ*≡ρ(χ,ζ)ρc

=

[1−χ2−ζ2(1−e2)−1],

Gravitational Potential:

Φgrav(χ,ζ)(−πGρcaℓ2)

=

12IBT−Aℓχ2−Asζ2+12[(Assaℓ2)ζ4+2(Aℓsaℓ2)χ2ζ2+(Aℓℓaℓ2)χ4].

Complete the Square

Again, let's rewrite the term inside square brackets on the RHS of the expression for the gravitational potential,

[]RHS

≡

[(Assaℓ2)ζ4+2(Aℓsaℓ2)χ2ζ2+(Aℓℓaℓ2)χ4],

in such a way that we effectively "complete the square." Assuming that the desired expression takes the form,

[]RHS

=

[(Assaℓ2)1/2ζ2+Bχ2][(Assaℓ2)1/2ζ2+Cχ2]

 

=

(Assaℓ2)ζ4+(Assaℓ2)1/2(B+C)ζ2χ2+BCχ4,

we see that we must have,

(Assaℓ2)1/2(B+C)

=

2(Aℓsaℓ2)

⇒B

=

2(Aℓsaℓ2)(Assaℓ2)1/2−C;

and we must also have,

BC

=

(Aℓℓaℓ2)

⇒B

=

(Aℓℓaℓ2)C.

Hence,

(Aℓℓaℓ2)C

=

2(Aℓsaℓ2)(Assaℓ2)1/2−C

⇒0

=

C2−2[(Aℓsaℓ2)(Assaℓ2)1/2]C+(Aℓℓaℓ2).

The pair of roots of this quadratic expression are,

C±

=

[(Aℓsaℓ2)(Assaℓ2)1/2]±12{4[(Aℓsaℓ2)2(Assaℓ2)]−4(Aℓℓaℓ2)}1/2

 

=

(Aℓsaℓ2)(Assaℓ2)1/2{1±[1−(Assaℓ2)(Aℓℓaℓ2)(Aℓsaℓ2)2]1/2}

⇒C±(Assaℓ2)1/2

=

(Aℓsaℓ2)(Assaℓ2){1±[1−(Assaℓ2)(Aℓℓaℓ2)(Aℓsaℓ2)2]1/2}.

Also, then,

B±(Assaℓ2)1/2

=

2(Aℓsaℓ2)(Assaℓ2)−C±(Assaℓ2)1/2

 

=

2(Aℓsaℓ2)(Assaℓ2)−(Aℓsaℓ2)(Assaℓ2){1±[1−(Assaℓ2)(Aℓℓaℓ2)(Aℓsaℓ2)2]1/2}

 

=

(Aℓsaℓ2)(Assaℓ2){1∓[1−(Assaℓ2)(Aℓℓaℓ2)(Aℓsaℓ2)2]1/2}.

NOTE: Given that,

(Assaℓ2)

=

23(1−e2)−23(Aℓsaℓ2)

      and,      

(Aℓℓaℓ2)

=

12−14(Aℓsaℓ2),

we can write,

Lambda vs Eccentricity
Lambda vs Eccentricity

Λ≡(Assaℓ2)(Aℓℓaℓ2)(Aℓsaℓ2)2

=

1(Aℓsaℓ2)2{[23(1−e2)−23(Aℓsaℓ2)][12−14(Aℓsaℓ2)]}

 

=

16(Aℓsaℓ2)2{1(1−e2)[2−(Aℓsaℓ2)]−(Aℓsaℓ2)[2−(Aℓsaℓ2)]}

 

=

16(Aℓsaℓ2)2{[1(1−e2)−(Aℓsaℓ2)][2−(Aℓsaℓ2)]}

In summary, then, we can write,

B±(Assaℓ2)1/2

=

(Aℓsaℓ2)(Assaℓ2)[1∓(1−Λ)1/2]

      and,      

C±(Assaℓ2)1/2

=

(Aℓsaℓ2)(Assaℓ2)[1±(1−Λ)1/2],

where, as illustrated by the inset "Lambda vs Eccentricity" plot, for all values of the eccentricity (0<e≤1), the quantity, Λ, is greater than unity. It is clear, then, that both roots of the relevant quadratic equation are complex — i.e., they have imaginary components. But that's okay because the coefficients that appear in the right-hand-side, bracketed quartic expression appear in the combinations,

(BC)±

=

(Aℓsaℓ2)2(Assaℓ2)[1−(1−Λ)1/2][1+(1−Λ)1/2]=(Aℓsaℓ2)2(Assaℓ2)[Λ]=(Aℓℓaℓ2),

(B+C)±

=

(Aℓsaℓ2)(Assaℓ2)1/2[1∓(1−Λ)1/2]+(Aℓsaℓ2)(Assaℓ2)1/2[1±(1−Λ)1/2]=2(Aℓsaℓ2)(Assaℓ2)1/2,

both of which are real.

9th Try

Starting Key Relations

Density:

ρ(ϖ,z)ρc

=

[1−χ2−ζ2(1−e2)−1],

Gravitational Potential:

Φgrav(ϖ,z)(−πGρcaℓ2)

=

12IBT−Aℓχ2−Asζ2+12[(Assaℓ2)ζ4+2(Aℓsaℓ2)χ2ζ2+(Aℓℓaℓ2)χ4].

Vertical Pressure Gradient: [1(πGρc2aℓ2)]∂P∂ζ =

ρρc⋅[2Aℓsaℓ2χ2ζ−2Asζ+2Assaℓ2ζ3]

Play With Vertical Pressure Gradient

[1(πGρc2aℓ2)]∂P∂ζ =

[1−χ2−ζ2(1−e2)−1][2Aℓsaℓ2χ2ζ−2Asζ+2Assaℓ2ζ3]

  =

[(2Aℓsaℓ2χ2−2As)ζ+2Assaℓ2ζ3]−χ2[(2Aℓsaℓ2χ2−2As)ζ+2Assaℓ2ζ3]−ζ2(1−e2)−1[(2Aℓsaℓ2χ2−2As)ζ+2Assaℓ2ζ3]

  =

(2Aℓsaℓ2χ2−2As)ζ+2Assaℓ2ζ3−(2Aℓsaℓ2χ4−2Asχ2)ζ−2Assaℓ2χ2ζ3−(1−e2)−1[(2Aℓsaℓ2χ2−2As)ζ3+2Assaℓ2ζ5]

  =

[(2Aℓsaℓ2χ2−2As)−(2Aℓsaℓ2χ4−2Asχ2)]ζ+[2Assaℓ2−2Assaℓ2χ2−(1−e2)−1(2Aℓsaℓ2χ2−2As)]ζ3+[−(1−e2)−12Assaℓ2]ζ5.

Integrate over ζ gives …

[1(πGρc2aℓ2)]∫[∂P∂ζ]dζ =

[(Aℓsaℓ2χ2−As)−(Aℓsaℓ2χ4−Asχ2)]ζ2+12[Assaℓ2−Assaℓ2χ2−(1−e2)−1(Aℓsaℓ2χ2−As)]ζ4+13[−(1−e2)−1Assaℓ2]ζ6+const

  =

[−Asζ2+12Assaℓ2ζ4+12(1−e2)−1Asζ4−13(1−e2)−1Assaℓ2ζ6]χ0+[Aℓsaℓ2ζ2+Asζ2−12Assaℓ2ζ4−12(1−e2)−1(Aℓsaℓ2ζ4)]χ2+[−Aℓsaℓ2ζ2]χ4+const.

Now Play With Radial Pressure Gradient

[1(−πGρcaℓ2)]∂Φ∂χ =

ρρc⋅{−2Aℓχ+12[4(Aℓsaℓ2)ζ2χ+4(Aℓℓaℓ2)χ3]}

  =

2[1−χ2−ζ2(1−e2)−1][(Aℓsaℓ2ζ2−Aℓ)χ+Aℓℓaℓ2χ3]

  =

2[(Aℓsaℓ2ζ2−Aℓ)χ+Aℓℓaℓ2χ3]−2χ2[(Aℓsaℓ2ζ2−Aℓ)χ+Aℓℓaℓ2χ3]−2ζ2(1−e2)−1[(Aℓsaℓ2ζ2−Aℓ)χ+Aℓℓaℓ2χ3]

  =

2(Aℓsaℓ2ζ2−Aℓ)χ+2[Aℓℓaℓ2+(Aℓ−Aℓsaℓ2ζ2)]χ3−2Aℓℓaℓ2χ5+2(1−e2)−1[(Aℓζ2−Aℓsaℓ2ζ4)χ−Aℓℓaℓ2ζ2χ3]

  =

2[(Aℓsaℓ2ζ2−Aℓ)+(1−e2)−1(Aℓζ2−Aℓsaℓ2ζ4)]χ+2[Aℓℓaℓ2+(Aℓ−Aℓsaℓ2ζ2)−(1−e2)−1Aℓℓaℓ2ζ2]χ3−2Aℓℓaℓ2χ5

Add a term j2∼(j42χ4+j62χ6) to account for centrifugal acceleration …

[1(πGρc2aℓ2)]∂P∂χ=[1(−πGρcaℓ2)]∂Φ∂χ+j2χ3[ρρc] =

2[(Aℓsaℓ2ζ2−Aℓ)+(1−e2)−1(Aℓζ2−Aℓsaℓ2ζ4)]χ+2[Aℓℓaℓ2+(Aℓ−Aℓsaℓ2ζ2)−(1−e2)−1Aℓℓaℓ2ζ2]χ3−2Aℓℓaℓ2χ5+j2χ3[1−χ2−ζ2(1−e2)−1]

  =

2[(Aℓsaℓ2ζ2−Aℓ)+(1−e2)−1(Aℓζ2−Aℓsaℓ2ζ4)]χ+2[Aℓℓaℓ2+(Aℓ−Aℓsaℓ2ζ2)−(1−e2)−1Aℓℓaℓ2ζ2]χ3−2Aℓℓaℓ2χ5

   

+(j42χ4+j62χ6)χ3−(j42χ4+j62χ6)χ3[χ2]−(j42χ4+j62χ6)χ3[ζ2(1−e2)−1]

  =

2[(Aℓsaℓ2ζ2−Aℓ)+(1−e2)−1(Aℓζ2−Aℓsaℓ2ζ4)]χ+2[Aℓℓaℓ2+(Aℓ−Aℓsaℓ2ζ2)−(1−e2)−1Aℓℓaℓ2ζ2]χ3−2Aℓℓaℓ2χ5

   

+(j42χ+j62χ3)−(j42χ+j62χ3)[ζ2(1−e2)−1]−(j42χ3+j62χ5)

  =

2[(Aℓsaℓ2ζ2−Aℓ)+(1−e2)−1(Aℓζ2−Aℓsaℓ2ζ4)]χ+2[Aℓℓaℓ2+(Aℓ−Aℓsaℓ2ζ2)−(1−e2)−1Aℓℓaℓ2ζ2]χ3−2Aℓℓaℓ2χ5

   

−[j42ζ2(1−e2)−1−j42]χ−[j42+j62ζ2(1−e2)−1−j62]χ3−[j62]χ5

  =

[2(Aℓsaℓ2ζ2−Aℓ)+2(1−e2)−1(Aℓζ2−Aℓsaℓ2ζ4)−j42ζ2(1−e2)−1+j42]χ

   

+[2Aℓℓaℓ2+2(Aℓ−Aℓsaℓ2ζ2)−2(1−e2)−1Aℓℓaℓ2ζ2−j42−j62ζ2(1−e2)−1+j62]χ3+[−j62−2Aℓℓaℓ2]χ5

Integrate over χ gives …

[1(πGρc2aℓ2)]∫[∂P∂χ]dχ =

[(Aℓsaℓ2ζ2−Aℓ)+(1−e2)−1(Aℓζ2−Aℓsaℓ2ζ4)−12j42ζ2(1−e2)−1+12j42]χ2

   

+[12Aℓℓaℓ2+12(Aℓ−Aℓsaℓ2ζ2)−12(1−e2)−1Aℓℓaℓ2ζ2−14j42−14j62ζ2(1−e2)−1+14j62]χ4−[16j62+13Aℓℓaℓ2]χ6

Compare Pair of Integrations

  Integration over ζ Integration over χ
χ0 −Asζ2+12Assaℓ2ζ4+12(1−e2)−1Asζ4−13(1−e2)−1Assaℓ2ζ6 none
χ2

Aℓsaℓ2ζ2+Asζ2−12Assaℓ2ζ4−12(1−e2)−1(Aℓsaℓ2ζ4)

(Aℓsaℓ2ζ2−Aℓ)+(1−e2)−1(Aℓζ2−Aℓsaℓ2ζ4)−12j42ζ2(1−e2)−1+12j42

χ4

−Aℓsaℓ2ζ2

12Aℓℓaℓ2+12(Aℓ−Aℓsaℓ2ζ2)−12(1−e2)−1Aℓℓaℓ2ζ2−14j42−14j62ζ2(1−e2)−1+14j62

χ6

none

−16j62−13Aℓℓaℓ2

Try, j62=[−2Aℓℓaℓ2] and 12j42=[Aℓ+(Aℓsaℓ2)ζ2].

  Integration over ζ Integration over χ
χ0 −Asζ2+12Assaℓ2ζ4+12(1−e2)−1Asζ4−13(1−e2)−1Assaℓ2ζ6 none
χ2 Aℓsaℓ2ζ2+Asζ2−12Assaℓ2ζ4−12(1−e2)−1(Aℓsaℓ2ζ4)

(Aℓsaℓ2ζ2−Aℓ)+(1−e2)−1(Aℓζ2−Aℓsaℓ2ζ4)−12j42ζ2(1−e2)−1+12j42
=
(Aℓsaℓ2ζ2−Aℓ)+(1−e2)−1(Aℓζ2−Aℓsaℓ2ζ4)−[Aℓ+(Aℓsaℓ2)ζ2]ζ2(1−e2)−1+[Aℓ+(Aℓsaℓ2)ζ2]
=
2(Aℓsaℓ2)ζ2[1−ζ2(1−e2)−1]

χ4

−Aℓsaℓ2ζ2

12Aℓℓaℓ2+12(Aℓ−Aℓsaℓ2ζ2)−12(1−e2)−1Aℓℓaℓ2ζ2−14j42−14[−2Aℓℓaℓ2]ζ2(1−e2)−1+14[−2Aℓℓaℓ2]
=
14[2(Aℓ−Aℓsaℓ2ζ2)−2[Aℓ+(Aℓsaℓ2)ζ2]]=−Aℓsaℓ2ζ2

χ6

none

0

What expression for j42 is required in order to ensure that the χ2 term is the same in both columns?

12j42[1−ζ2(1−e2)−1] =

[Aℓsaℓ2ζ2+Asζ2−12Assaℓ2ζ4−12(1−e2)−1(Aℓsaℓ2ζ4)]−[(Aℓsaℓ2ζ2−Aℓ)+(1−e2)−1(Aℓζ2−Aℓsaℓ2ζ4)]

  =

[Asζ2−12Assaℓ2ζ4−12(1−e2)−1(Aℓsaℓ2ζ4)]+[(Aℓ)−(1−e2)−1(Aℓζ2)+(1−e2)−1(Aℓsaℓ2ζ4)]

  =

[Asζ2−12Assaℓ2ζ4+12(1−e2)−1(Aℓsaℓ2)ζ4]+Aℓ[1−(1−e2)−1ζ2]

⇒12j42[1−ζ2(1−e2)−1]−Aℓ[1−ζ2(1−e2)−1] =

12(1−e2)−1(Aℓsaℓ2)ζ4+[As]ζ2−12[Assaℓ2]ζ4

Now, considering the following three relations …

32(Assaℓ2)

=

(1−e2)−1−(Aℓsaℓ2);

As

=

Aℓ+e2(Aℓsaℓ2);

e2(Aℓsaℓ2)

=

2−3Aℓ;

we can write,

12j42[1−ζ2(1−e2)−1]−Aℓ[1−ζ2(1−e2)−1] =

12(1−e2)−1(Aℓsaℓ2)ζ4+[Aℓ+e2(Aℓsaℓ2)]ζ2−13[(1−e2)−1−(Aℓsaℓ2)]ζ4

⇒3j42[1−ζ2(1−e2)−1]−3Aℓ[2−2ζ2(1−e2)−1] =

3(1−e2)−1(Aℓsaℓ2)ζ4+6[Aℓ+e2(Aℓsaℓ2)]ζ2−2[(1−e2)−1−(Aℓsaℓ2)]ζ4

 

=

(Aℓsaℓ2){2ζ4+3ζ4(1−e2)−1+6e2ζ2}−2ζ4(1−e2)−1+6Aℓζ2

 

=

−2ζ4(1−e2)−1+6Aℓζ2+[2−3Aℓ]{2ζ4+3ζ4(1−e2)−1+6e2ζ2}1e2

 

=

−2ζ4(1−e2)−1−3Aℓ{2ζ4+3ζ4(1−e2)−1+4e2ζ2}1e2+{4ζ4+6ζ4(1−e2)−1+12e2ζ2}1e2


⇒3j42[1−ζ2(1−e2)−1] =

−2ζ4(1−e2)−1+3Aℓ(1−e2)−1e2{[2e2(1−e2)−2e2ζ2]−[2ζ4(1−e2)+3ζ4+4e2(1−e2)ζ2]}+{4ζ4+6ζ4(1−e2)−1+12e2ζ2}1e2

10th Try

Repeating Key Relations

Density:

ρ(ϖ,z)ρc

=

[1−χ2−ζ2(1−e2)−1],

Gravitational Potential:

Φgrav(ϖ,z)(−πGρcaℓ2)

=

12IBT−Aℓχ2−Asζ2+12[(Assaℓ2)ζ4+2(Aℓsaℓ2)χ2ζ2+(Aℓℓaℓ2)χ4].

Vertical Pressure Gradient: [1(πGρc2aℓ2)]∂P∂ζ =

ρρc⋅[2Aℓsaℓ2χ2ζ−2Asζ+2Assaℓ2ζ3]

From the above (9th Try) examination of the vertical pressure gradient, we determined that a reasonably good approximation for the normalized pressure throughout the configuration is given by the expression,

[1(πGρc2aℓ2)]∫[∂P∂ζ]dζ =

[−Asζ2+12Assaℓ2ζ4+12(1−e2)−1Asζ4−13(1−e2)−1Assaℓ2ζ6]χ0+[Aℓsaℓ2ζ2+Asζ2−12Assaℓ2ζ4−12(1−e2)−1(Aℓsaℓ2ζ4)]χ2+[−Aℓsaℓ2ζ2]χ4+const.

If we set χ=0 — that is, if we look along the vertical axis — this approximation should be particularly good, resulting in the expression,

Pz≡{[1(πGρc2aℓ2)]∫[∂P∂ζ]dζ}χ=0 =

Pc*−Asζ2+12Assaℓ2ζ4+12(1−e2)−1Asζ4−13(1−e2)−1Assaℓ2ζ6.

Note that in the limit that z→as — that is, at the pole along the vertical (symmetry) axis where the Pz should drop to zero — we should set ζ→(1−e2)1/2. This allows us to determine the central pressure.

Pc* =

As(1−e2)−12Assaℓ2(1−e2)2−12(1−e2)−1As(1−e2)2+13(1−e2)−1Assaℓ2(1−e2)3

  =

As(1−e2)−12As(1−e2)+13Assaℓ2(1−e2)2−12Assaℓ2(1−e2)2

  =

12As(1−e2)−16Assaℓ2(1−e2)2.

This means that, along the vertical axis, the pressure gradient is,

Pz≡{[1(πGρc2aℓ2)]∫[∂P∂ζ]dζ}χ=0 =

Pc*−Asζ2+12Assaℓ2ζ4+12(1−e2)−1Asζ4−13(1−e2)−1Assaℓ2ζ6.

∂Pz∂ζ =

−2Asζ+2Assaℓ2ζ3+2(1−e2)−1Asζ3−2(1−e2)−1Assaℓ2ζ5.

This should match the more general "vertical pressure gradient" expression when we set, χ=0, that is,

{[1(πGρc2aℓ2)]∂P∂ζ}χ=0 =

[1−χ20−ζ2(1−e2)−1]⋅[2Aℓsaℓ2ζχ20−2Asζ+2Assaℓ2ζ3]

  =

[−2Asζ+2Assaℓ2ζ3]+ζ2(1−e2)−1[2Asζ−2Assaℓ2ζ3]

Yes! The expressions match!

Shift to ξ1 Coordinate

In an accompanying chapter, we defined the coordinate,

(ξ1as)2 ≡

(ϖaℓ)2+(zas)2=χ2+ζ2(1−e2)−1.

Given that we want the pressure to be constant on ξ1 surfaces, it seems plausible that ζ2 should be replaced by (1−e2)(ξ1/as)2=[(1−e2)χ2+ζ2] in the expression for Pz. That is, we might expect the expression for the pressure at any point in the meridional plane to be,

Ptest01 =

Pc*−As[(1−e2)χ2+ζ2]1+12[Assaℓ2+(1−e2)−1As][(1−e2)χ2+ζ2]2−13(1−e2)−1Assaℓ2[(1−e2)χ2+ζ2]3

  =

Pc*−As[(1−e2)χ2+ζ2]1+12[Assaℓ2+(1−e2)−1As][(1−e2)2χ4+2(1−e2)χ2ζ2+ζ4]−13(1−e2)−1Assaℓ2[(1−e2)χ2+ζ2][(1−e2)2χ4+2(1−e2)χ2ζ2+ζ4]

  =

Pc*−As[(1−e2)χ2+ζ2]+12[Assaℓ2+(1−e2)−1As][(1−e2)2χ4+2(1−e2)χ2ζ2+ζ4]

   

−13Assaℓ2[(1−e2)2χ6+2(1−e2)χ4ζ2+χ2ζ4]−13Assaℓ2[(1−e2)χ4ζ2+2χ2ζ4+(1−e2)−1ζ6]

  =

χ0{Pc*−Asζ2+12[Assaℓ2+(1−e2)−1As]ζ4−13Assaℓ2(1−e2)−1ζ6}+χ2{−As(1−e2)+12[Assaℓ2+(1−e2)−1As]2(1−e2)ζ2−13Assaℓ2ζ4−23Assaℓ2ζ4}

   

+χ4{12[Assaℓ2+(1−e2)−1As](1−e2)2−23Assaℓ2(1−e2)ζ2−13Assaℓ2(1−e2)ζ2}+χ6{−13Assaℓ2(1−e2)2}

  =

χ0{Pc*−Asζ2+12[Assaℓ2+(1−e2)−1As]ζ4−13Assaℓ2(1−e2)−1ζ6}+χ2{−As(1−e2)+12[Assaℓ2+(1−e2)−1As]2(1−e2)ζ2−Assaℓ2ζ4}

   

+χ4{12[Assaℓ2+(1−e2)−1As](1−e2)2−Assaℓ2(1−e2)ζ2}+χ6{−13Assaℓ2(1−e2)2}

  Integration over ζ Pressure Guess
χ0 −Asζ2+12Assaℓ2ζ4+12(1−e2)−1Asζ4−13(1−e2)−1Assaℓ2ζ6

Pc*−Asζ2+12[Assaℓ2+(1−e2)−1As]ζ4−13Assaℓ2(1−e2)−1ζ6

χ2

Aℓsaℓ2ζ2+Asζ2−12Assaℓ2ζ4−12(1−e2)−1(Aℓsaℓ2ζ4)

−As(1−e2)+12[Assaℓ2+(1−e2)−1As]2(1−e2)ζ2−Assaℓ2ζ4

χ4

−Aℓsaℓ2ζ2

12[Assaℓ2+(1−e2)−1As](1−e2)2−Assaℓ2(1−e2)ζ2

χ6

none

−13Assaℓ2(1−e2)2

Compare Vertical Pressure Gradient Expressions

From our above (9th try) derivation we know that the vertical pressure gradient is given by the expression,

[1(πGρc2aℓ2)]∂P∂ζ =

[1−χ2−ζ2(1−e2)−1][2Aℓsaℓ2χ2ζ−2Asζ+2Assaℓ2ζ3]

  =

[(2Aℓsaℓ2χ2−2As)−(2Aℓsaℓ2χ4−2Asχ2)]ζ+[2Assaℓ2−2Assaℓ2χ2−(1−e2)−1(2Aℓsaℓ2χ2−2As)]ζ3+[−(1−e2)−12Assaℓ2]ζ5.

  =

[2As(χ2−1)+2Aℓsaℓ2(1−χ2)χ2]ζ+[2Assaℓ2(1−χ2)−2Aℓsaℓ2(1−e2)−1χ2+2(1−e2)−1As]ζ3+[−2Assaℓ2(1−e2)−1]ζ5.

By comparison, the vertical derivative of our "test01" pressure expression gives,

Ptest01 =

χ0{Pc*−Asζ2+12[Assaℓ2+(1−e2)−1As]ζ4−13Assaℓ2(1−e2)−1ζ6}+χ2{−As(1−e2)+12[Assaℓ2+(1−e2)−1As]2(1−e2)ζ2−Assaℓ2ζ4}

   

+χ4{12[Assaℓ2+(1−e2)−1As](1−e2)2−Assaℓ2(1−e2)ζ2}+χ6{−13Assaℓ2(1−e2)2}

⇒∂Ptest01∂ζ =

χ0{−2Asζ+2[Assaℓ2+(1−e2)−1As]ζ3−2Assaℓ2(1−e2)−1ζ5}+χ2{2[Assaℓ2+(1−e2)−1As](1−e2)ζ−4Assaℓ2ζ3}+χ4{−2Assaℓ2(1−e2)ζ}

  =

ζ1{−2As+2[Assaℓ2+(1−e2)−1As](1−e2)χ2−2Assaℓ2(1−e2)χ4}+ζ3{2[Assaℓ2+(1−e2)−1As]−4Assaℓ2χ2}+ζ5{−2Assaℓ2(1−e2)−1}

  =

ζ1{2As(χ2−1)+2Assaℓ2(1−e2)χ2(1−χ2)}+ζ3{2Assaℓ2(1−2χ2)+2(1−e2)−1As}+ζ5{−2Assaℓ2(1−e2)−1}

Instead, try …

Ptest02Pc =

p2(ρρc)2+p3(ρρc)3

⇒∂∂ζ[Ptest02Pc] =

2p2(ρρc)∂∂ζ[ρρc]+3p3(ρρc)2∂∂ζ[ρρc]

  =

(ρρc){2p2+3p3(ρρc)}∂∂ζ[ρρc]

  =

(ρρc){2p2+3p3[1−χ2−ζ2(1−e2)−1]}∂∂ζ[1−χ2−ζ2(1−e2)−1]

  =

(ρρc){(2p2+3p3)−3p3χ2−3p3ζ2(1−e2)−1}[−2ζ(1−e2)−1]

  =

(ρρc)(1−e2)−2{6p3χ2ζ(1−e2)−2(2p2+3p3)(1−e2)ζ+6p3ζ3}

Compare the term inside the curly braces with the term, from the beginning of this subsection, inside the square brackets, namely,

2Aℓsaℓ2χ2ζ−2Asζ+2Assaℓ2ζ3 =

2e4[(3−e2)−Υ]χ2ζ−[4e2(1−13Υ)]ζ+43e4[4e2−3(1−e2)+Υ]ζ3

  =

13e4(1−e2){6[(3−e2)−Υ](1−e2)χ2ζ−[12e2(1−13Υ)](1−e2)ζ+4[(4e2−3)+Υ]ζ3}.

Pretty Close!!

Alternatively:   according to the third term, we need to set,

6p3 =

4[(4e2−3)+Υ]

⇒Υ =

32p3+(3−4e2)

in which case, the first coefficient must be given by the expression,

[(3−e2)−Υ] =

(3−e2)−32p3+(4e2−3)]=[3e2−32p3].

And, from the second coefficient, we find,

2(2p2+3p3) =

[12e2(1−13Υ)]

⇒2p2 =

2e2(3−Υ)−3p3

 

=

−3p3+6e2−2e2[32p3+(3−4e2)]

 

=

−3p3+6e2−[3e2p3+6e2−8e4]

 

=

8e4−3p3(1+e2);

or,

p2

=

4e4−(1+e2)[(4e2−3)+Υ]

 

=

4e4−(1+e2)(4e2−3)−(1+e2)Υ

 

=

4e4−[4e2−3+4e4−3e2]−(1+e2)Υ

 

=

3−e2−(1+e2)Υ


SUMMARY:

Ptest02Pc =

p2(ρρc)2+p3(ρρc)3,

p2

=

3−e2−(1+e2)Υ=e4(Aℓsaℓ2)−e2Υ,

p3 =

23[(4e2−3)+Υ]=e4(Assaℓ2)+23e2Υ.


Note:   according to the first term, we need to set,

p3 =

[(3−e2)−Υ]

⇒Υ =

[(3−e2)−p3],

in which case, the third coefficient must be given by the expression,

4[(4e2−3)+Υ] =

4[(4e2−3)+(3−e2)−p3]=4[3e2−p3].

And, from the second coefficient, we find,

2(2p2+3p3) =

[12e2(1−13Υ)]

⇒2p2 =

2e2(3−Υ)−3p3

 

=

2e2[3−[(3−e2)−p3]]−3p3

 

=

2e2[e2+p3]−3p3

 

=

2e4+(2e2−3)p3;

or,

2p2

=

2e4+(2e2−3)[(3−e2)−Υ]

 

=

2e4+(2e2−3)(3−e2)−(2e2−3)Υ

 

=

2e4+(6e2−2e4−9+3e2)−(2e2−3)Υ

 

=

9(e2−1)−(2e2−3)Υ

Better yet, try …

Ptest03Pc =

p2(ρρc)2[1−β(1−ρρc)]=p2(ρρc)2[(1−β)+β(ρρc)]

⇒∂∂ζ[Ptest03Pc] =

⋯

where, in the case of a spherically symmetric parabolic-density configuration, β=1/2. Well … this wasn't a bad idea, but as it turns out, this "test03" expression is no different from the "test02" guess. Specifically, the "test03" expression can be rewritten as,

Ptest03Pc =

p2(1−β)(ρρc)2+p2β(ρρc)3,

which has the same form as the "test02" expression.

Test04

From above, we understand that, analytically,

[1(πGρc2aℓ2)]∂P∂ζ =

[1−χ2−ζ2(1−e2)−1][2Aℓsaℓ2χ2ζ−2Asζ+2Assaℓ2ζ3]

  =

[(2Aℓsaℓ2χ2−2As)−(2Aℓsaℓ2χ4−2Asχ2)]ζ+[2Assaℓ2−2Assaℓ2χ2−(1−e2)−1(2Aℓsaℓ2χ2−2As)]ζ3+[−(1−e2)−12Assaℓ2]ζ5

  =

[2As(χ2−1)+2Aℓsaℓ2(1−χ2)χ2]ζ+[2Assaℓ2(1−χ2)−2Aℓsaℓ2(1−e2)−1χ2+2(1−e2)−1As]ζ3+[−2Assaℓ2(1−e2)−1]ζ5.

Also from above, we have shown that if,

Ptest02Pc =

p2(ρρc)2+p3(ρρc)3

SUMMARY from test02:

p2

=

3−e2−(1+e2)Υ=e4(Aℓsaℓ2)−e2Υ,

p3 =

23[(4e2−3)+Υ]=e4(Assaℓ2)+23e2Υ.

⇒∂∂ζ[Ptest02Pc] =

(ρρc)(1−e2)−2{6p3χ2ζ(1−e2)−2(2p2+3p3)(1−e2)ζ+6p3ζ3}

  =

(ρρc)(1−e2)−2{6[e4(Assaℓ2)+23e2Υ]χ2ζ(1−e2)−2[2e4(Aℓsaℓ2)+3e4(Assaℓ2)](1−e2)ζ+6[e4(Assaℓ2)+23e2Υ]ζ3}




Here (test04), we add a term that is linear in the normalized density, which means,

Ptest04Pc =

Ptest02Pc+p1(ρρc)

⇒∂∂ζ[Ptest04Pc] =

∂∂ζ[Ptest02Pc]+∂∂ζ[p1(ρρc)]=∂∂ζ[Ptest02Pc]+p1∂∂ζ[1−χ2−ζ2(1−e2)−1]

See Also

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