ParabolicDensity/Axisymmetric/Structure

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Parabolic Density Distribution


Part I:   Gravitational Potential

 


Part II:   Spherical Structures

 


Part III:   Axisymmetric Equilibrium Structures

 


Part IV:   Triaxial Equilibrium Structures (Exploration)

 

Axisymmetric (Oblate) Equilibrium Structures

Setup

Here we specifically discuss the case of configurations that exhibit concentric ellipsoidal iso-density surfaces of the form,

ρ

=

ρc[1(x2+y2a2+z2as2)],

that is, axisymmetric (am=a, i.e., oblate) configurations with parabolic density distributions. Much of our presentation, here, is drawn from our separate, detailed description of what we will refer to as Ferrers potential.

This can be rewritten in terms of T1 Coordinates. In particular, defining, qa/as and,

ξ1

[z2+(ϖq)2]1/2=as[(zas)2+(ϖa)2]1/2

ρρc

=

[1(ξ1as)2].

Because we expect contours of constant enthalpy (H) to coincide with contours of constant density in equilibrium configurations, we should expect to find that,

HHc

=

h(ξ1).

If the "radial" enthalpy profile resembles our derived spherical enthalpy profile, we should expect to find that,

h(ξ1)

h0[1h2ξ12h4ξ14]

1h(ξ1)h0

h2ξ12+h4ξ14

 

=

h2as2[(zas)2+(ϖa)2]+h4{as2[(zas)2+(ϖa)2]}2

 

=

h2as2[(zas)2+(ϖa)2]+h4as4[(zas)4+2(zas)2(ϖa)2+(ϖa)4]

Gravitational Potential

As we have detailed in an accompanying discussion, for an oblate-spheroidal configuration — that is, when as<am=a — the gravitational potential may be obtained from the expression,

Φgrav(𝐱)(πGρc)

=

12IBTa12(A1x2+A2y2+A3z2)+(A12x2y2+A13x2z2+A23y2z2)+16(3A11x4+3A22y4+3A33z4),

where, in the present context, we can rewrite this expression as,

Φgrav(𝐱)(πGρc)

=

12IBTa2[A(x2+y2)+Asz2]+[Ax2y2+Asx2z2+Asy2z2]+16[3Ax4+3Ay4+3Assz4]

 

=

12IBTa2[Aϖ2+Asz2]+[Ax2y2+Asϖ2z2]+12[A(x4+y4)+Assz4]

 

=

12IBTa2[Aϖ2+Asz2]+A2[(x2+y2)2]+12[Assz4]+[Asϖ2z2]

 

=

12IBTa2[Aϖ2+Asz2]+A2[ϖ4]+12[Assz4]+[Asϖ2z2]

Φgrav(𝐱)(πGρca2)

=

12IBT[A(ϖ2a2)+As(z2a2)]+12[Aa2(ϖ4a4)+Assa2(z4a4)+2Asa2(ϖ2z2a4)].

Index Symbol Expressions

The expression for the zeroth-order normalization term (IBT), and the relevant pair of 1st-order index symbol expressions are:

IBT =

2A+As(1e2)=2(1e2)1/2[sin1ee];

A

=

1e2[sin1ee(1e2)1/2](1e2)1/2;

As =

2e2[(1e2)1/2sin1ee](1e2)1/2,

[EFE], Chapter 3, Eq. (36)
[T78], §4.5, Eqs. (48) & (49)

where the eccentricity,

e[1(asa)2]1/2.

The relevant 2nd-order index symbol expressions are:

a2A

=

14e4{(3+2e2)(1e2)+3(1e2)1/2[sin1ee]};

32a2Ass

=

(4e23)e4(1e2)+3(1e2)1/2e4[sin1ee];

a2As

=

1e4{(3e2)3(1e2)1/2[sin1ee]}.

We can crosscheck this last expression by drawing on a shortcut expression,

As

=

AAs(a2as2)

a2As

=

1e2{AsA}

 

=

1e2{2e2[(1e2)1/2sin1ee](1e2)1/21e2[sin1ee(1e2)1/2](1e2)1/2}

 

=

1e4{[22(1e2)1/2sin1ee][(1e2)1/2sin1ee(1e2)]}

 

=

1e4{(3e2)3(1e2)1/2sin1ee}.

Meridional Plane Equi-Potential Contours

Here, we follow closely our separate discussion of equipotential surfaces for Maclaurin Spheroids, assuming no rotation.

Configuration Surface

In the meridional (ϖ,z) plane, the surface of this oblate-spheroidal configuration — identified by the thick, solid-black curve below, in Figure 1 — is defined by the expression,

ρρc

=

1[ϖ2a2+z2as2]=0

ϖ2a2+z2as2

=

1

z2

=

as2[1ϖ2a2]=a2(1e2)[1ϖ2a2]

za

=

±(1e2)1/2[1ϖ2a2]1/2,

        for 0|ϖ|a1.
Expression for Gravitational Potential

Throughout the interior of this configuration, each associated Φeff = constant, equipotential surface is defined by the expression,

ϕchoiceΦgrav(𝐱)(πGρca2)+12IBT

=

[A(ϖ2a2)+As(z2a2)]12[Aa2(ϖ4a4)+Assa2(z4a4)+2Asa2(ϖ2z2a4)].

Letting,

ζz2a2,

we can rewrite this expression for ϕchoice as,

ϕchoice

=

A(ϖ2a2)+Asζ12Aa2(ϖ4a4)12Assa2ζ2Asa2(ϖ2a2)ζ

 

=

12Assa2ζ2+[AsAsa2(ϖ2a2)]ζ+A(ϖ2a2)12Aa2(ϖ4a4).

Potential at the Pole

At the pole, (ϖ,z)=(0,as). Hence,

ϕchoice|mid

=

12Assa2(as2a2)2+[AsAsa2(ϖ2a2)0](as2a2)+A(ϖ2a2)012Aa2(ϖ4a4)0

 

=

As(as2a2)12Assa2(as2a2)2.

General Determination of Vertical Coordinate (ζ)

Given values of the three parameters, e, ϖ, and ϕchoice, this last expression can be viewed as a quadratic equation for ζ. Specifically,

0

=

αζ2+βζ+γ,

where,

α

12Assa2

 

=

13{(4e23)e4(1e2)+3(1e2)1/2e4[sin1ee]},

β

Asa2(ϖ2a2)As

 

=

1e4{(3e2)3(1e2)1/2sin1ee}(ϖ2a2)2e2[(1e2)1/2sin1ee](1e2)1/2,

γ

ϕchoice+12Aa2(ϖ4a4)A(ϖ2a2)

 

=

ϕchoice+18e4{(3+2e2)(1e2)+3(1e2)1/2[sin1ee]}(ϖ4a4)1e2[sin1ee(1e2)1/2](1e2)1/2(ϖ2a2).

The solution of this quadratic equation gives,

ζ

=

12α{β±[β24αγ]1/2}.

Should we adopt the superior (positive) sign, or is it more physically reasonable to adopt the inferior (negative) sign? As it turns out, β is intrinsically negative, so the quantity, β, is positive. Furthermore, when γ goes to zero, we need ζ to go to zero as well. This will only happen if we adopt the inferior (negative) sign. Hence, the physically sensible root of this quadratic relation is given by the expression,

ζ

=

12α{β[β24αγ]1/2}.


Here we present a quantitatively accurate depiction of the shape of the (Ferrers) gravitational potential that arises from oblate-spheroidal configurations having a parabolic density distribution. We closely follow the discussion of equi-gravitational potential contours that arise in (uniform-density) Maclaurin spheroids. In order to facilitate comparison with Maclaurin spheroids, we will focus on a model with …

asa=0.582724, e=0.81267,  
A=Am=0.51589042, As=0.96821916, IBT=1.360556,
a2A=0.3287756, a2Ass=1.5066848, a2As=0.6848975.

[NOTE:   Along the Maclaurin spheroid sequence, this is the eccentricity that marks bifurcation to the Jacobi ellipsoid sequence — see the first model listed in Table IV (p. 103) of [EFE] and/or see Tables 1 and 2 of our discussion of the Jacobi ellipsoid sequence. It is unlikely that this same eccentricity has a comparably special physical relevance along the sequence of spheroids having parabolic density distributions.]

The largest value of the gravitational potential that will arise inside (actually, on the surface) of the configuration is at (ϖ,z)=(1,0). That is, when,

ϕchoice|max

=

A12Aa2=0.3515026.

So we will plot various equipotential surfaces having, 0<ϕchoice<ϕchoice|max, recognizing that they will each cut through the equatorial plane (z=0) at the radial coordinate given by,

ϕchoice

=

12Assa2ζ20+[AsAsa2(ϖ2a2)]ζ0+A(ϖ2a2)12Aa2(ϖ4a4)

0

=

12Aa2χ2Aχ+ϕchoice,

where,

χϖ2a2.

The solution to this quadratic equation gives,

χeqplane

=

1Aa2{A±[A22Aa2ϕchoice]1/2}

 

=

AAa2{1[12Aa2ϕchoiceA2]1/2}.

Note that, again, the physically relevant root is obtained by adopting the inferior (negative) sign, as has been done in this last expression.

Equipotential Contours that Lie Entirely Within Configuration

For all 0<ϕchoiceϕchoice|mid, the equipotential contour will reside entirely within the configuration. In this case, for a given ϕchoice, we can plot points along the contour by picking (equally spaced?) values of χeqplaneχ0, then solve the above quadratic equation for the corresponding value of ζ.

In our example configuration, this means … (to be finished)

Hydrostatic Balance (Algebraic Condition)

Following our separate discussion of the equilibrium structure of Maclaurin spheroids, and given that our solution of the Poisson equation fixes the expression for Φgrav, the algebraic expression ensuring hydrostatic balance is,

H(ϖ,z)

=

CB[Φgrav(ϖ,z)+Ψ(ϖ,z)],

where, Ψ is the centrifugal potential. NOTE:   Generally when modeling axisymmetric astrophysical systems (see our accompanying discussion of simple rotation profiles) it is assumed that Ψ does not functionally depend on z. Here, our other constraints — for example, demanding that the configuration have a parabolic density distribution — may force us to adopt a z-dependent rotation profile.

Here, we know that the adopted parabolic density distribution gives rise to a gravitational potential of the form,

Φgrav(𝐱)(πGρca2)

=

12IBT[A(ϖ2a2)+As(z2a2)]+12[Aa2(ϖ4a4)+Assa2(z4a4)+2Asa2(ϖ2z2a4)].

Hence,

Ψ(ϖ,z)

=

CBΦgrav(ϖ,z)H(ϖ,z)

 

=

CB+πGρca2{12IBT[A(ϖ2a2)+As(z2a2)]+12[Aa2(ϖ4a4)+Assa2(z4a4)+2Asa2(ϖ2z2a4)]}Hch(ξ1).


We presume that the enthalpy profile, as well as the density profile, can be rewritten in terms of T1 Coordinates. In particular, defining, qa/as and,

ξ1

[z2+(ϖq)2]1/2=as[(zas)2+(ϖa)2]1/2

ρρc

=

[1(ξ1as)2].

Because we expect contours of constant enthalpy (H) to coincide with contours of constant density in equilibrium configurations, we should expect to find that,

HHc

=

h(ξ1).

If the "radial" enthalpy profile resembles our derived spherical enthalpy profile, we should expect to find that,

h(ξ1)

h0[1h2ξ12h4ξ14]

1h(ξ1)h0

h2ξ12+h4ξ14

 

=

h2as2[(zas)2+(ϖa)2]+h4{as2[(zas)2+(ϖa)2]}2

 

=

h2as2[(zas)2+(ϖa)2]+h4as4[(zas)4+2(zas)2(ϖa)2+(ϖa)4]

Adopting this last expression for the enthalpy, we have,

h(ξ1)h0

=

1h2as2[(zas)2+(ϖa)2]h4as4[(zas)4+2(zas)2(ϖa)2+(ϖa)4]

 

=

1h2as2[(ϖa)2+(za)2(1e2)1]h4as4[(ϖa)4+(za)4(1e2)2+2(ϖ2z2a4)(1e2)1].

Hence,

Ψ(ϖ,z)

=

CB+πGρca2{12IBT[A(ϖ2a2)+As(z2a2)]+12[Aa2(ϖ4a4)+Assa2(z4a4)+2Asa2(ϖ2z2a4)]}

 

 

Hch0{1h2as2[(ϖa)2+(za)2(1e2)1]h4as4[(ϖa)4+(za)4(1e2)2+2(ϖ2z2a4)(1e2)1]}.

At the pole of the configuration — that is, when (ϖ,z)=(0,as) — this statement of hydrostatic balance becomes,

Ψ(ϖ,z)

=

CB+πGρca2{12IBT[A(ϖ2a2)0+As(as2a2)]+12[Aa2(ϖ4a4)0+Assa2(as4a4)+2Asa2(ϖ20as2a4)]}

 

 

Hch0{1h2as2[(ϖa)20+(asa)2(1e2)1]h4as4[(ϖa)40+(asa)4(1e2)2+2(ϖ20as2a4)(1e2)1]}

 

=

CB+πGρca2[12IBTAs(1e2)+12Assa2(1e2)2]Hch0[1h2as2h4as4].

For centrally condensed configurations, it is astrophysically reasonable to assume that Ψ(ϖ,z) is of the form such that the centrifugal potential goes to zero when ϖ0. Adopting that assumption here means that the Bernoulli constant has the value,

CB

=

Hch0[1h2as2h4as4]πGρca2[12IBTAs(1e2)+12Assa2(1e2)2].

Plugging this expression for CB back into the general statement of hydrostatic balance gives,

Ψ(ϖ,z)

=

πGρca2{12IBT[A(ϖ2a2)+As(z2a2)]+12[Aa2(ϖ4a4)+Assa2(z4a4)+2Asa2(ϖ2z2a4)]}

 

 

πGρca2[12IBTAs(1e2)+12Assa2(1e2)2]

 

 

+Hch0[1h2as2h4as4]

 

 

Hch0{1h2as2[(ϖa)2+(za)2(1e2)1]h4as4[(ϖa)4+(za)4(1e2)2+2(ϖ2z2a4)(1e2)1]}

 

=

πGρca2{[As(1e2)A(ϖ2a2)As(z2a2)]+12[Aa2(ϖ4a4)+Assa2(z4a4)+2Asa2(ϖ2z2a4)Assa2(1e2)2]}

 

 

+Hch0{h2as2[(ϖa)2+(za)2(1e2)11]+h4as4[(ϖa)4+(za)4(1e2)2+2(ϖ2z2a4)(1e2)11]}

 

=

πGρca2{As[AAs(ϖ2a2)(z2a2)+(1e2)]+Assa22[AAss(ϖ4a4)+(z4a4)+2AsAss(ϖ2z2a4)(1e2)2]}

 

 

+Hch0{h2as2(1e2)1[(ϖa)2(1e2)+(za)2(1e2)]+h4as4(1e2)2[(ϖa)4(1e2)2+(za)4+2(ϖ2z2a4)(1e2)(1e2)2]}

Let's set …

Hch0=πGρca2;       h2=As(1e2)as2;       h4=Assa2(1e2)22as4.

This gives,

Ψ(ϖ,z)πGρca2

=

{As[AAs(ϖ2a2)(z2a2)+(1e2)]+Assa22[AAss(ϖ4a4)+(z4a4)+2AsAss(ϖ2z2a4)(1e2)2]}

 

 

+{As[(ϖa)2(1e2)+(za)2(1e2)]Assa22[(ϖa)4(1e2)2+(za)4+2(ϖ2z2a4)(1e2)(1e2)2]}

 

=

{As[AAs(ϖ2a2)]+Assa22[AAss(ϖ4a4)+2AsAss(ϖ2z2a4)]}+{As[(ϖa)2(1e2)]Assa22[(ϖa)4(1e2)2+2(ϖ2z2a4)(1e2)]}

 

=

{A(ϖ2a2)+[Aa22(ϖ4a4)+Asa2(ϖ2z2a4)]}+{As[(ϖa)2(1e2)]Assa22[(ϖa)4(1e2)2+2(ϖ2z2a4)(1e2)]}

 

=

[As(1e2)A](ϖ2a2)+Aa22(ϖ4a4)Assa22[(ϖa)4(1e2)2]+Asa2(ϖ2z2a4)Assa2[(ϖ2z2a4)(1e2)]

 

=

[As(1e2)A](ϖ2a2)+12{Aa2Assa2(1e2)2}(ϖ4a4)+{Asa2Assa2(1e2)}(ϖ2z2a4).

2nd Try

Keep in Mind, from Above

Φgrav(𝐱)(πGρca2)

=

12IBT[A(ϖ2a2)+As(z2a2)]+12[Aa2(ϖ4a4)+Assa2(z4a4)+2Asa2(ϖ2z2a4)].

ρ

=

ρc[1(ϖ2a2+z2as2)]

ρρc

=

1χ2ζ2(1e2)1,

ξ1

[z2+(ϖq)2]1/2=as[(zas)2+(ϖa)2]1/2

ρρc

=

[1(ξ1as)2].

From our presentation of the Eulerian formulation of the Euler equation in cylindrical coordinates, we see that in steady-state axisymmetric flows, the two relevant equilibrium conditions are,

e^ϖ:    

0

=

[1ρPϖ+Φϖ]+j2ϖ3

e^z:    

0

=

[1ρPz+Φz]

Vertical Component

We will focus, first, on the vertical component. Specifically, since both ρ and Φgrav are known, the vertical gradient of the (unknown) scalar pressure is

Pz =

ρz{Φgrav}

Multiply thru by 1/(πGρc2a):

1(πGρc2a)Pz =

ρρcz{Φgrav(πGρca)}

1(πGρc2a2)Pζ =

ρρcζ{Φgrav(πGρca2)}

  =

[1(ϖ2a2+z2as2)]ζ{12IBT[A(ϖ2a2)+As(z2a2)]+12[Aa2(ϖ4a4)+Assa2(z4a4)+2Asa2(ϖ2z2a4)]}

  =

{1[χ2+ζ2(1e2)1]}ζ{12IBT[Aχ2+Asζ2]+12[Aa2χ4+Assa2ζ4+2Asa2χ2ζ2]}

  =

{1[χ2+ζ2(1e2)1]}{2Asζ+[2Assa2ζ3+2Asa2χ2ζ]}

  =

2{1[χ2+ζ2(1e2)1]}[Asa2χ2ζAsζ+Assa2ζ3]

  =

2{1[χ2+ζ2(1e2)1]}[Asa2χ2ζAsζ+Assa2ζ3]

where (unlike above) we are using the dimensionless lengths, χϖ/a and ζz/a. Continuing to streamline this function, we have,

1(2πGρc2a2)Pζ =

[Asa2χ2ζAsζ+Assa2ζ3]χ2[Asa2χ2ζAsζ+Assa2ζ3]ζ2[Asa2χ2ζAsζ+Assa2ζ3](1e2)1

  =

[Asa2χ2ζAsζ+Assa2ζ3][Asa2χ4ζAsχ2ζ+Assa2χ2ζ3][Asa2χ2ζ3Asζ3+Assa2ζ5](1e2)1

  =

[Asa2χ2As]ζ+Assa2ζ3+[Asχ2Asa2χ4]ζAssa2χ2ζ3+[Asζ3Asa2χ2ζ3Assa2ζ5](1e2)1

  =

[Asa2χ2As+Asχ2Asa2χ4]ζ+[Assa2Assa2χ2+As(1e2)1Asa2χ2(1e2)1]ζ3Assa2(1e2)1ζ5

  =

[As+(Asa2+As)χ2Asa2χ4]ζ+{[As(1e2)1+Assa2][Assa2+Asa2(1e2)1]χ2}ζ3Assa2(1e2)1ζ5.

So, let's see what happens if we assume that the pressure has the form,

Pvert(2πGρc2a2) =

p0+p2ζ2+p4ζ4+p6ζ6

1(2πGρc2a2)Pvertζ =

2p2ζ+4p4ζ3+6p6ζ5,

in which case,

Pvert(2πGρc2a2) =

p0+12[As+(Asa2+As)χ2Asa2χ4]ζ2+14{[As(1e2)1+Assa2][Assa2+Asa2(1e2)1]χ2}ζ4+16[Assa2(1e2)1]ζ6.


REMINDER: From above

ρρc

=

1χ2ζ2(1e2)1.

And, in the case of the spherically symmetric equilibrium configuration, the pressure distribution derived by 📚 Prasad (1949) has the form,

PPc

(ρρc)2[1+(ρρc)].

In the context of rotationally flattened configurations, therefore, we might expect the (vertical) pressure distribution to be of the form,

PPc

[1χ2ζ2(1e2)1][1χ2ζ2(1e2)1][2χ2ζ2(1e2)1]

 

[2χ2ζ2(1e2)1]{[1χ2ζ2(1e2)1]χ2[1χ2ζ2(1e2)1]ζ2(1e2)1[1χ2ζ2(1e2)1]}

 

[2χ2ζ2(1e2)1]{[1χ2ζ2(1e2)1]+[χ2+χ4+χ2ζ2(1e2)1]+[ζ2(1e2)1+χ2ζ2(1e2)1+ζ4(1e2)2]}

Radial Component

Start with,

j2ρϖ3+Pϖ =

ρϖ{Φgrav}

Multiply thru by 1/(πGρc2a):

[1(πGρc2a)]j2ρϖ3+[1(πGρc2a)]Pϖ =

[1(πGρc2a)]ρϖ{Φgrav}

ρρcj2(πGρca4)1χ3+[1(πGρc2a2)]Pχ

=

ρρcχ{Φgrav(πGρca2)}

  =

{1[χ2+ζ2(1e2)1]}χ{12IBT[Aχ2+Asζ2]+12[Aa2χ4+Assa2ζ4+2Asa2χ2ζ2]}

  =

{1[χ2+ζ2(1e2)1]}{[2Asa2ζ22A]χ+2Aa2χ3}.

EXACT!

ρρcj2(πGρca4)1χ3+[1(πGρc2a2)]Pχ

=

ρρc{[2Asa2ζ22A]χ+2Aa2χ3}

[1(πGρc2a2)]Pχ

=

ρρc{[2Asa2ζ22A]χ+2Aa2χ3+j2(πGρca4)1χ3}

Continuing to streamline this function, we have,

ρρcj2(πGρca4)1χ3+[1(πGρc2a2)]Pχ =

{[2Asa2ζ22A]χ+2Aa2χ3}{[2Asa2ζ22A]χ+2Aa2χ3}χ2{[2Asa2ζ22A]χ+2Aa2χ3}(1e2)1ζ2

 

=

[2Asa2ζ22A]χ+2Aa2χ3[2Asa2ζ22A]χ32Aa2χ5+[2A2Asa2ζ2]χ(1e2)1ζ22Aa2χ3(1e2)1ζ2

 

=

[2Asa2ζ22A]χ+[2A2Asa2ζ2]χ(1e2)1ζ2+[2Aa22Asa2ζ2+2A2Aa2ζ2]χ32Aa2(1e2)1χ5

 

=

2[A(1e2)1+Asa2ζ2+Aζ2Asa2ζ4(1e2)1]χ+2[Aa2+AAsa2ζ2Aa2ζ2]χ32Aa2(1e2)1χ5.

Determine Specific Angular Momentum Distribution

Now, from our analysis of the vertical component, we determined that,

12Pvert(2πGρc2a2) =

12p0+6[As+(Asa2+As)χ2Asa2χ4]ζ2+3{[As(1e2)1+Assa2][Assa2+Asa2(1e2)1]χ2}ζ4+2[Assa2(1e2)1]ζ6.


The radial derivative of this function is,

[12(2πGρc2a2)]Pvertχ =

6[2(Asa2+As)ζ2χ4Asa2ζ2χ3]+6{[Assa2+Asa2(1e2)1]ζ4χ}

[1(πGρc2a2)]Pvertχ =

[(2Asa2+2As)ζ2Assa2ζ4Asa2(1e2)1ζ4]χ4Asa2ζ2χ3.

We hypothesize that,

ρρcj2(πGρca4)1χ3

=

[1(πGρc2a2)]Pvertχ[1(πGρc2a2)][Pχ]rad

 

=

[(2Asa2+2As)ζ2Assa2ζ4Asa2(1e2)1ζ4]χ4Asa2ζ2χ3

 

 

2[A(1e2)1+Asa2ζ2+Aζ2Asa2ζ4(1e2)1]χ2[Aa2+AAsa2ζ2Aa2ζ2]χ3+2Aa2(1e2)1χ5

 

=

2{[(Asa2+As)ζ2+12[Assa2Asa2(1e2)1]ζ4]χ2Asa2ζ2χ3

 

 

+[A(1e2)1Asa2ζ2Aζ2+Asa2ζ4(1e2)1]χ+[Aa2A+Asa2ζ2+Aa2ζ2]χ3+Aa2(1e2)1χ5}

ρρcj2(2πGρca4)1χ3

=

[(Asa2+As)ζ2+12[Assa2Asa2(1e2)1]ζ4+A(1e2)1Asa2ζ2Aζ2+Asa2ζ4(1e2)1]χ

 

 

+[Aa2A+Asa2ζ2+Aa2ζ22Asa2ζ2]χ3+Aa2(1e2)1χ5

 

=

{A(1e2)1+(Asa2+AsAsa2A)ζ2+12[Assa2Asa2(1e2)1+2Asa2(1e2)1]ζ4}χ

 

 

+{(Aa2A)+(Asa2+Aa22Asa2)ζ2}χ3+Aa2(1e2)1χ5

 

=

{A(1e2)1+(AsA)ζ2+12[Assa2+Asa2(1e2)1]ζ4}χ+{(Aa2A)+(Aa2Asa2)ζ2}χ3+Aa2(1e2)1χ5

Now, from our layout of relevant index symbol expressions, let's see if the coefficients of various ζ-dependent terms go to zero.

FIRST:

As

=

AsA(as2a2)=AsAa2e2

Asa2e2

=

(AsA)

 

=

{2e2[(1e2)1/2sin1ee](1e2)1/2}{1e2[sin1ee(1e2)1/2](1e2)1/2}

 

=

1e2{2[1sin1ee(1e2)1/2][sin1ee(1e2)1/2(1e2)]}

 

=

1e2[3e23(1e2)1/2sin1ee];

SECOND:

3Ass

=

2as22As

32Assa2

=

a2as2Asa2=(1e2)1Asa2

Assa2

=

23Asa223(1e2)1

[Assa2+Asa2(1e2)1]

=

23Asa223(1e2)1+Asa2(1e2)1

 

=

13(1e2)[2Asa2(1e2)2+3Asa2]

 

=

13(1e2)[Asa2(52e2)2];

THIRD:

3A

=

2a2AAs

4Aa2

=

2Asa2

(Aa2Asa2)

=

1254Asa2

 

=

14[25Asa2].

3rd Try

From the above, "2nd Try" discussion of the radial component, we can write the following "EXACT!" relation,

EXACT!

ρρcj2(πGρca4)1χ3+[1(πGρc2a2)]Pχ

=

ρρc{[2Asa2ζ22A]χ+2Aa2χ3}

[1(πGρc2a2)]Pχ

=

ρρc{[2Asa2ζ22A]χ+2Aa2χ3+j2(πGρca4)1χ3}.

Now, our earlier examination of the radial derivative of Pvert suggests that the left-hand-side of this expression should be of the form,

LHS   [1(πGρc2a2)]Pχ

c2ζ2+c4ζ4,

where it is understood that the coefficients, c2 and c4, are both functions of χ. This should be compared with the "EXACT!" expression for the RHS after multiplying through by the expression for the dimensionless density, that is,

RHS

=

[1χ2ζ2(1e2)1]{[2Aa2χ32Aχ+j2(πGρca4)1χ3]+2Asa2χζ2}

 

=

(1χ2)[2Aa2χ32Aχ+j2(πGρca4)1χ3]+2Asa2χ(1χ2)ζ2

 

 

[2Aa2χ32Aχ+j2(πGρca4)1χ3](1e2)1ζ22Asa2(1e2)1χζ4.

Because we are not expecting to see a term that is independent of ζ, this suggests that the term inside the large square brackets must be zero. This leads to an expression for the distribution of specific angular momentum of the form,

EXCELLENT !!

0

=

[2Aa2χ32Aχ+j2(πGρca4)1χ3]

j2(πGρca4)

=

2Aχ42Aa2χ6.

According to our accompanying discussion of Simple rotation profiles, the corresponding centrifugal potential is given by the expression,

Ψ

=

j2(ϖ)ϖ3dϖ=(πGρca2)1χ3[2Aχ42Aa2χ6]dχ

Ψ(πGρca2)

=

[2Aχ2Aa2χ3]dχ=12[Aa2χ42Aχ2].

(Here, we ignore the integration constant because it will be folded in with the Bernoulli constant.)

It also means that the RHS expression simplifies to the form,

RHS

=

2Asa2χ(1χ2)ζ22Asa2(1e2)1χζ4.

This should be compared to our earlier examination of the radial derivative of Pvert, namely,

[1(πGρc2a2)]Pvertχ =

[(2Asa2+2As)ζ2Assa2ζ4Asa2(1e2)1ζ4]χ4Asa2ζ2χ3

  =

(2Asa2+2As)χζ24Asa2χ3ζ2[Asa2(1e2)1+Assa2]χζ4

4th Try

In our accompanying discussion of Ferrers Potential, we have derived the expression for the gravitational potential inside (and on the surface of) a triaxial ellipsoid with a parabolic density distribution. Specifically, for

ρ(𝐱)

=

ρc[1(x2a2+y2b2+z2c2)],

we find,

Φgrav(𝐱)(πGρc)

=

12IBTa12(A1x2+A2y2+A3z2)+(A12x2y2+A13x2z2+A23y2z2)+12(A11x4+A22y4+A33z4).

In this same accompanying discussion, we plugged this expression for the gravitational potential into the Poisson equation and demonstrated that it properly generates the expression for the parabolic density distribution. For the axisymmetric configuration being considered here — with the short axis aligned with c=a3=as — these two relations become,

ρ(ϖ,z)ρc

=

[1(ϖ2a2+z2as2)]=[1χ2ζ2(1e2)1],

Φgrav(ϖ,z)(πGρca2)

=

12IBTAϖ2a2Asz2a2+(Asa2)ϖ2z2a4+12(Assa2)z4a4+Aa22[(x4+2x2y2+y4)a4].

 

=

12IBTAχ2Asζ2+12[(Assa2)ζ4+2(Asa2)χ2ζ2+(Aa2)χ4].

where, χϖ/a and ζz/a. (This matches the expression derived above.)



Discuss scalar relationship between the enthalpy (H) and the effective potential.

As has been detailed in an accompanying discussion of solution techniques, a configuration will be in dynamic equilibrium if,

[H+Φgrav+Ψ]

=

0

H+Φgrav+Ψ

=

constant =CB

Given that, in our particular case, we have analytic expressions for Φgrav(χ,ζ) and for Ψ(χ,ζ), we deduce that, to within a constant, the enthalpy distribution is given by the expression,

[H(χ,ζ)CB(πGρca2)]

=

Φgrav(πGρca2)Ψ(πGρca2)

 

=

12IBTAχ2Asζ2+12[(Assa2)ζ4+2(Asa2)χ2ζ2+(Aa2)χ4]12[Aa2χ42Aχ2]

 

=

12IBTAsζ2+12[(Assa2)ζ4+2(Asa2)χ2ζ2]

 

=

12IBTAsζ2+ζ22[(Assa2)ζ2+2(Asa2)χ2]

Now, according to our related discussion of index symbols,

3Ass =

2as22As

3Assa2 =

2(1e2)12Asa2

2(Asa2)χ2 =

2(1e2)1χ23(Assa2)χ2.

Hence,

[H(χ,ζ)CB(πGρca2)]12IBT

=

Asζ2+ζ22[(Assa2)ζ2+2(1e2)1χ23(Assa2)χ2]

 

=

Asζ2+ζ22[(Assa2)(ζ23χ2)+2(1e2)1χ2].

Examining the radial derivative …

1(πGρca2)Hχ

=

χ{Asζ2+ζ22[(Assa2)(ζ23χ2)+2(1e2)1χ2]}

 

=

[3(Assa2)+2(1e2)1]ζ2χ

 

=

2(Asa2)ζ2χ.

YES !!! This matches the "radial" pressure-gradient, below.

Now, examining the vertical derivative …

1(πGρca2)Hζ

=

ζ{Asζ2+ζ22[(Assa2)(ζ23χ2)+2(1e2)1χ2]}

 

=

ζ{Asζ2+12[(Assa2)ζ4+[2(1e2)13(Assa2)]χ2ζ2]}

 

=

2Asζ+[2(Assa2)ζ3+[2(1e2)13(Assa2)]χ2ζ]

 

=

2Asζ+[2(Assa2)ζ3+2(Asa2)χ2ζ]

HURRAY !!! This matches the "vertical" pressure-gradient, below.




[1(πGρc2a2)]Pζ =

ρρc[2Asa2χ2ζ2Asζ+2Assa2ζ3]

[1(πGρc2a2)]Pχ

=

ρρc{[2Asa2ζ22A]χ+2Aa2χ3+j2(πGρca4)1χ3}

Plug in …

j2(πGρca4)1χ3

=

2Aχ2Aa2χ3.

[1(πGρc2a2)]Pχ

=

ρρc{[2Asa2ζ22A]χ+2Aa2χ3+2Aχ2Aa2χ3}

 

=

ρρc{2Asa2ζ2χ}


Hence, examination of the radial component leads to the following suggested expression for the pressure:

[1(πGρc2a2)]Pχ

=

[1χ2ζ2(1e2)1][2Asa2ζ2χ]

 

=

[2Asa2ζ2χ]χ2[2Asa2ζ2χ]ζ2(1e2)1[2Asa2ζ2χ]

P(πGρc2a2)

[Asa2ζ2χ2]12[Asa2ζ2χ4]ζ2(1e2)1[Asa2ζ2χ2]

 

=

[1χ22ζ2(1e2)1][Asa2ζ2χ2].

While examination of the vertical component leads to the following suggested expression for the pressure:

[1(πGρc2a2)]Pζ =

[1χ2ζ2(1e2)1][2Asa2χ2ζ2Asζ+2Assa2ζ3]

  =

[1χ22ζ2(1e2)1][2Asa2χ2ζ2Asζ+2Assa2ζ3]χ22[2Asa2χ2ζ2Asζ+2Assa2ζ3]

Tentative Summary

Known Relations

Density:

ρ(ϖ,z)ρc

=

[1χ2ζ2(1e2)1],

Gravitational Potential:

Φgrav(ϖ,z)(πGρca2)

=

12IBTAχ2Asζ2+12[(Assa2)ζ4+2(Asa2)χ2ζ2+(Aa2)χ4].

Specific Angular Momentum:

j2(πGρca4)1χ3

=

2Aχ2Aa2χ3.

Centrifugal Potential:

Ψ(πGρca2)

=

12[Aa2χ42Aχ2].

Enthalpy:

[H(χ,ζ)CB(πGρca2)]12IBT

=

Asζ2+ζ22[(Assa2)(ζ23χ2)+2(1e2)1χ2].

Vertical Pressure Gradient: [1(πGρc2a2)]Pζ =

ρρc[2Asa2χ2ζ2Asζ+2Assa2ζ3]

Radial Pressure Gradient:

[1(πGρc2a2)]Pχ

=

ρρc{2Asa2ζ2χ}

where, χϖ/a and ζz/a, and the relevant index symbol expressions are:

IBT =

2A+As(1e2)=2(1e2)1/2[sin1ee];

A

=

1e2[sin1ee(1e2)1/2](1e2)1/2;

As =

2e2[(1e2)1/2sin1ee](1e2)1/2;

a2A

=

14e4{(3+2e2)(1e2)+3(1e2)1/2[sin1ee]};

32a2Ass

=

(4e23)e4(1e2)+3(1e2)1/2e4[sin1ee];

a2As

=

1e4{(3e2)3(1e2)1/2[sin1ee]},

where the eccentricity,

e[1(asa)2]1/2.

Examine Behavior of Enthalpy

ξ1

[z2+(ϖq)2]1/2=as[(ϖa)2+(zas)2]1/2=as[χ2+ζ2(1e2)1]1/2

ρρc

=

[1(ξ1as)2].

Try to Construct Pressure Distribution

Drawing from the expression for the vertical pressure gradient, namely,

[1(πGρc2a2)]Pζ

=

ρρc[2Asa2χ2ζ2Asζ+2Assa2ζ3],

try the following pressure expression:

P(πGρc2a2)

=

f0+f2(ξ1as)2+f4(ξ1as)4+f6(ξ1as)6

 

=

f0+f2[χ2+ζ2(1e2)1]+f4[χ2+ζ2(1e2)1]2+f6[χ2+ζ2(1e2)1]3

 

=

f0+f2[χ2+ζ2(1e2)1]+f4[χ4+2χ2ζ2(1e2)1+ζ4(1e2)2]

 

 

+f6[χ4+2χ2ζ2(1e2)1+ζ4(1e2)2][χ2+ζ2(1e2)1]

 

=

f0+f2[χ2+ζ2(1e2)1]+f4[χ4+2χ2ζ2(1e2)1+ζ4(1e2)2]

 

 

+f6[χ6+3χ4ζ2(1e2)1+3χ2ζ4(1e2)2+ζ6(1e2)3].

The vertical derivative of this expression is,

[1(πGρc2a2)]Pζ

=

ζ{f2[ζ2(1e2)1]+f4[2χ2ζ2(1e2)1+ζ4(1e2)2]+f6[3χ4ζ2(1e2)1+3χ2ζ4(1e2)2+ζ6(1e2)3]}

See Also

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