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==Examining Alignment with Surface Boundary Condition== ===Expectation=== As we have reviewed in [[SSC/Stability/BiPolytrope00Details#Boundary_Condition|an accompanying discussion]], one astrophysically reasonable surface boundary condition provides a mathematical relationship between the logarithmic derivative of the eigenfunction with respect to the radius, in terms of the eigenfrequency as follows: <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>\frac{d\ln x}{d\ln \xi}\biggr|_{\xi = 1/q}</math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>\frac{3\omega^2 }{4\pi G\rho_c \gamma_e} \biggl( \frac{\nu}{q^3}\biggr) - \biggl( 3 - \frac{4}{\gamma_e}\biggr) </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center"> <math>=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>\frac{3\omega^2 }{4\pi G\rho_c \gamma_e} \biggl( \frac{1+2q^3}{3q^3}\biggr) - \alpha_e </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center"> <math>=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>\frac{1}{3} \biggl[\frac{3\omega^2 }{2\pi G\rho_c \gamma_e} \biggr] \biggl( \frac{\rho_c}{\rho_e}\biggr) - \alpha_e </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center"> <math>=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>\frac{1}{3} \biggl[\mathfrak{F}_\mathrm{env} + 2\alpha_e \biggr] - \alpha_e </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center"> <math>=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>\frac{1}{3} \biggl[\mathfrak{F}_\mathrm{env} - \alpha_e \biggr] \, . </math> </td> </tr> </table> </div> Now, according to our [[#Envelope_Segment|above-described envelope segment of the eigenfunction]], we established the analytic prescription, <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>\mathfrak{F}_\mathrm{env}</math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>(c_0 + 3\ell)(c_0 + 3\ell+5) \, ,</math> </td> </tr> </table> </div> in which case the desired surface boundary condition is, <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>3 \cdot \frac{d\ln x}{d\ln \xi}\biggr|_{\xi = 1/q}</math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>(c_0 + 3\ell)(c_0 + 3\ell+5) - \alpha_e </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~ [c_0^2 + c_0(6\ell + 5 ) + 3\ell(3\ell+5)] - (c_0^2 + 2c_0)</math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~ 3[ c_0(2\ell + 1 ) + \ell(3\ell+5)]</math> </td> </tr> </table> </div> That is, we expect to find the following, <div align="center" id="DesiredBoundaryCondition"> <table border="1" align="center"><tr><td align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <th align="center" colspan="3"> Desired Boundary Condition </th> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>~\frac{d\ln x}{d\ln \xi}\biggr|_{\xi = 1/q}</math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~ c_0(2\ell + 1 ) + \ell(3\ell+5) \, .</math> </td> </tr> </table> </td></tr></table> </div> ===Analytic2=== Continuing, from above, a discussion specifically of the case, <math>\ell = 2</math>, the analytically specified envelope eigenfunction is, <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>x_{\ell=2} |_\mathrm{env}</math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math> \xi^{c_0}\biggl[ \frac{ 1 + q^3 A_{\ell=2} \xi^{3} + q^6 A_{\ell=2}B_{\ell=2}\xi^{6} }{ 1 + q^3 A_{\ell=2} + q^6 A_{\ell=2}B_{\ell=2}}\biggr] \, , </math> </td> </tr> </table> </div> where, the values of the newly introduced coefficients, <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="3" align="center"> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>A_{\ell=2}</math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>\equiv</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>\biggl[ \frac{c_0(c_0+5) - (c_0 + 6)(c_0 + 11)}{(c_0 + 3)(c_0+5) - \alpha_e}\biggr] = \frac{-2(2c_0+11)}{(2c_0+5)} \, ,</math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>B_{\ell=2}</math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>\equiv</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>\biggl[ \frac{(c_0+3)(c_0+8) - (c_0 + 6)(c_0 + 11)}{(c_0 + 6)(c_0+8) - \alpha_e}\biggr] = \frac{-(c_0+7)}{2(c_0+4)} \, ,</math> </td> </tr> </table> </div> in which case, <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>\frac{d\ln x}{d\ln \xi} = \frac{\xi}{x} \cdot \frac{dx}{d\xi} \biggl|_\mathrm{env}</math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>\frac{\xi}{x} \biggl\{ c_0\xi^{c_0-1}\biggl[ \frac{ 1 + q^3 A \xi^{3} + q^6 AB\xi^{6} }{ 1 + q^3 A + q^6 AB}\biggr] + \xi^{c_0}\biggl[ \frac{ 3q^3 A \xi^{2} + 6q^6 AB\xi^{5} }{ 1 + q^3 A + q^6 AB}\biggr] \biggr\} </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center"> <math>=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math> c_0 + \biggl[ \frac{ 3q^3 A \xi^{3} + 6q^6 AB\xi^{6} }{ 1 + q^3 A\xi^3 + q^6 AB\xi^6}\biggr] \, . </math> </td> </tr> </table> </div> Hence, at the surface <math>(\xi = 1/q)</math>, we find, <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>\frac{d\ln x}{d\ln \xi} \biggl|_{\xi=1/q}</math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math> c_0 +\biggl[ \frac{ 3 A + 6 AB }{ 1 + A + AB}\biggr] </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center"> <math>=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math> c_0 +\biggl[ \frac{ -12(2c_0+11)(c_0+4) + 12(2c_0+11)(c_0+7) }{ 2(2c_0 + 5)(c_0+4) - 4(2c_0+11)(c_0+4) + 2(2c_0+11) (c_0+7)}\biggr] </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center"> <math>=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math> c_0 +6\biggl[ \frac{ (2c_0^2 + 25c_0 + 77) -(2c_0^2 + 19c_0 +44) }{ (2c_0^2 + 13c_0 + 20) - 2(2c_0^2 + 19c_0 + 44) + (2c_0^2 + 25c_0 + 77)}\biggr] </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center"> <math>=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math> c_0 +6 \biggl[ \frac{ 6c_0 +33 }{ 9}\biggr] </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center"> <math>=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math> 5c_0 + 22 \, . </math> </td> </tr> </table> </div> It is gratifying — although, somewhat surprising (to me!) — to find that this precisely matches the [[#DesiredBoundaryCondition|above-defined, desired boundary condition]] for the case of <math>\ell = 2</math>. ===Duh!=== [[File:CommentButton02.png|right|100px|Comment by J. E. Tohline on 4 February 2017: This numerical determination of surface boundary conditions was carried out inside spreadsheet "FDflex22" of Excel file ''analyticeigenvectorcorrected.xlsx''.]]After also checking conformance with the expected boundary condition in <!-- Appendix/Ramblings/Additional_Analytically_Specified_Eigenvectors_for_Zero-Zero_Bipolytropes -->[[Appendix/Ramblings/AdditionalAnalyticallySpecifiedEigenvectors00Bipolytropes#Check_Surface_Boundary_Condition|the case of analytic eigenfunctions having <math>~\ell = 3</math>]] and, separately (not shown), for numerically generated eigenfunctions having a wide range of oscillation frequencies, it dawned on us that the [[#DesiredBoundaryCondition|"desired" surface boundary condition]] may actually be a natural outcome of the envelope's LAWE. By constraining our discussion to models for which <math>~g^2 = \mathcal{B}</math> and <math>~\mathcal{D} = q^3</math>, the [[#The_Envelope.27s_LAWE|envelope's LAWE]] is, <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>~0</math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~ \biggl[ 1 - q^3 \xi^3\biggr] \frac{d^2x}{d\xi^2} + \biggl\{ 3 - 6q^3 \xi^3 \biggr\} \frac{1}{\xi} \cdot \frac{dx}{d\xi} + \biggl[ q^3 \mathfrak{F}_\mathrm{env} \xi^3 -\alpha_e \biggr]\frac{x}{\xi^2} \, . </math> </td> </tr> </table> </div> At the surface <math>~(\xi = 1/q)</math>, the coefficient of the second derivative term goes to zero, in which case the LAWE reduces in form to, <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>~0</math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~ -\frac{3}{\xi} \cdot \frac{dx}{d\xi} + \biggl[ \mathfrak{F}_\mathrm{env} -\alpha_e \biggr]\frac{x}{\xi^2} </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ 3\cdot \frac{d\ln x}{d\ln \xi}\biggr|_\mathrm{surface} </math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~ \mathfrak{F}_\mathrm{env} -\alpha_e \, . </math> </td> </tr> </table> </div> And this is ''precisely'' the condition that derives from the astrophysically reasonable boundary condition that we have [[SSC/Stability/BiPolytrope00Details#Boundary_Condition|discussed separately]] and that has been [[#Expectation|reviewed, above]]. ===Broader Analysis=== Let's, then, examine the behavior of the envelope's LAWE at the surface in the most general case — that is, when ''not'' constrained to <math>~g^2 = \mathcal{B}</math>. First, we note that, <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>~g^2 - \mathcal{B}</math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math> \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) \biggl[ 2 \biggl(1 - \frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} \biggr) \biggl( 1-q \biggr) + \frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} \biggl(\frac{1}{q^2} - 1\biggr) \biggr] -2\biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) + 3\biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr)^2 </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math> \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) \biggl\{ 2 \biggl[1 - \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} \biggr) -q + q \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} \biggr)\biggr] + \biggl( \frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} \biggr)\frac{1}{q^2} -2 + 2\biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) \biggr\} </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math> \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) \biggl[ - 2q + 2q \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} \biggr) + \biggl( \frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} \biggr)\frac{1}{q^2} \biggr] </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math> \frac{1}{q^2} \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} \biggr) + 2q^3 \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} - 1 \biggr) \biggr] \, . </math> </td> </tr> </table> </div> Hence, at the surface quite generally, the coefficient of the second derivative is, <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>~\frac{1}{\mathcal{A}}\biggl[\mathcal{A} + (g^2 - \mathcal{B})\xi - \mathcal{A}\mathcal{D} \xi^3 \biggr]_{\xi=1/q}</math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~ \frac{1}{\mathcal{A}}\biggl\{ 2\biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) \biggl(1-\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) + \frac{1}{q^3} \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} \biggr) + 2q^3 \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} - 1 \biggr) \biggr] - \frac{1}{q^3}\biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr)^2 \biggr\} </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~ \frac{1}{\mathcal{A}} \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr)\biggl\{ - 2\biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} -1\biggr) + \frac{1}{q^3} \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} \biggr) + 2q^3 \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} - 1 \biggr) \biggr] - \frac{1}{q^3}\biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) \biggr\} </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~ 0 \, . </math> </td> </tr> </table> </div> And, at the surface quite generally, the coefficient of the first derivative is, <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>~\frac{1}{\mathcal{A}}\biggl[3\mathcal{A} + 4(g^2 - \mathcal{B})\xi - 6\mathcal{A}\mathcal{D} \xi^3 \biggr]_{\xi=1/q}</math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~ \frac{1}{\mathcal{A}}\biggl\{ 6\biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) \biggl(1-\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) + \frac{4}{q^3} \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} \biggr) + 2q^3 \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} - 1 \biggr) \biggr] - \frac{6}{q^3}\biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr)^2 \biggr\} </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~ \frac{2}{\mathcal{A}} \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) \biggl\{ -3\biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} - 1\biggr) + \frac{2}{q^3} \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} \biggr) + 2q^3 \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} - 1 \biggr) \biggr] - \frac{3}{q^3}\biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) \biggr\} </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~ \frac{2}{\mathcal{A}} \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) \biggl[ \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} - 1\biggr) - \frac{1}{q^3}\biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) \biggr] \, . </math> </td> </tr> </table> </div> Hence, at the surface quite generally, the envelope's LAWE becomes, <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>~ - \biggl[ 3\mathcal{A} + 4(g^2-\mathcal{B}) \xi - 6\mathcal{A} \mathcal{D} \xi^3 \biggr]_{\xi=1/q} \frac{d\ln x}{d\ln\xi} \biggr|_\mathrm{surface} </math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~ \mathcal{A}\biggl[ \mathcal{D} \mathfrak{F}_\mathrm{env} \xi^3 -\alpha_e \biggr]_{\xi=1/q} </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>~\Rightarrow~~~ - 2\biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) \biggl[ \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} - 1\biggr) - \frac{1}{q^3}\biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) \biggr] \frac{d\ln x}{d\ln\xi} \biggr|_\mathrm{surface} </math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~ \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr)^2 \mathfrak{F}_\mathrm{env} \cdot \frac{1}{q^3} - 2\alpha_e \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr)\biggl(1- \frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>~\Rightarrow~~~ \biggl[2\biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) + 2q^3\biggl(1 - \frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} \biggr) \biggr] \frac{d\ln x}{d\ln\xi} \biggr|_\mathrm{surface} </math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~ \biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) \mathfrak{F}_\mathrm{env} - 2q^3 \alpha_e \biggl(1- \frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr) </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>~\Rightarrow~~~ \frac{d\ln x}{d\ln\xi} \biggr|_\mathrm{surface} </math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~\biggl[2 + 2q^3\biggl(1 - \frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} \biggr)\biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr)^{-1} \biggr] ^{-1} \biggl[ \mathfrak{F}_\mathrm{env} - 2q^3 \alpha_e \biggl(1- \frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr)\biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr)^{-1} \biggr] </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~ \frac{\mathfrak{F}_\mathrm{env} - \Kappa \alpha_e}{2+\Kappa} \, , </math> </td> </tr> </table> </div> where, <div align="center"> <math>~\Kappa \equiv 2q^3\biggl(1 - \frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c} \biggr)\biggl(\frac{\rho_e}{\rho_c}\biggr)^{-1} \, .</math> </div> Notice that in the special case for which we have been able to identify analytically specifiable eigenvectors, namely, when <div align="center"> <math>~g^2 = \mathcal{B} </math> <math>~\Rightarrow</math> <math>~\Kappa = 1 \, ,</math> </div> this surface boundary condition simplifies to the ''expected'' expression, <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>~ \frac{d\ln x}{d\ln\xi} \biggr|_\mathrm{surface} </math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~\frac{1}{3} \biggl[ \mathfrak{F}_\mathrm{env} - \alpha_e \biggr] \, . </math> </td> </tr> </table> </div> Under what condition — other than when <math>~g^2=\mathcal{B}</math> — does the general expression generate the ''expected'' expression? We need, <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>~\frac{1}{3} \biggl[ \mathfrak{F}_\mathrm{env} - \alpha_e \biggr] </math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~\biggl[2 + \Kappa \biggr] ^{-1} \biggl[ \mathfrak{F}_\mathrm{env} - \alpha_e \Kappa \biggr] </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ (2 + \Kappa ) \biggl[ \mathfrak{F}_\mathrm{env} - \alpha_e \biggr] </math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~ 3\biggl[ \mathfrak{F}_\mathrm{env} - \alpha_e \Kappa \biggr] </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ (2 + \Kappa ) \mathfrak{F}_\mathrm{env} - (2 + \Kappa ) \alpha_e </math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~ 3\mathfrak{F}_\mathrm{env} - 3\Kappa \alpha_e </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ (\Kappa -1) \mathfrak{F}_\mathrm{env} </math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~ -2(\Kappa-1 ) \alpha_e </math> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \mathfrak{F}_\mathrm{env} </math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~=</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~ -2\alpha_e \, . </math> </td> </tr> </table> </div> But, given that, <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"> <tr> <td align="right"> <math>~\mathfrak{F}_\mathrm{env}</math> </td> <td align="center"> <math>~\equiv</math> </td> <td align="left"> <math>~\frac{3\omega^2_\mathrm{env}}{2\pi G \gamma_e \rho_e} - 2\alpha_e \, , </math> </td> </tr> </table> </div> we see that the ''expected'' boundary condition will result only for <math>~\omega_\mathrm{env}^2 = 0</math>, that is, only for, <math>~\sigma_c^2 = 0</math>. This is what we have been noticing as we have played with numerically generated eigenvectors: When integrating from the center of the zero-zero bipolytrope, to its surface, the naturally resulting (first) derivative of the eigenfunction at the surface of the configuration matches the ''expected'' surface boundary condition … * for all values of <math>\sigma_c^2</math>, when <math>~g^2= \mathcal{B}</math>, that is, when <math>~\Kappa=1</math>; * only for <math>~\sigma_c^2 = 0</math> in all other configurations, that is, for all <math>~\Kappa \ne 1</math>. What do we make of this?
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